(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Ovarian Cancer

The ovaries are oval shaped ovum-producing reproductive organ in part of a woman's reproductive system connected to the fallopian tubes and attached to the outer layer of the uterus via the ovarian ligament. Usually, the left and right ovary takes turn to release an egg every month.

Ovarian cancer is defined as a condition of abnormal cells growth of ovarian cells as that have become cancerous. It is one of most common cancer in US, according to the statistics adapted from the American Cancer Society's publication, Cancer Facts & Figures 2010, an estimated 21,880 women in the United States will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer and 13,850 deaths.

Types
Ovarian cancer can be divided to the types below
A. Epithelial ovarian Cancer
Epithelial ovarian tumor also known as Surface epithelial-stromal tumor, as the name, it is a result of the cells on the surface of the ovary have become cancerous. Epithelial ovarian tumor is the most common form of ovarian cancer accounted for over 90% of ovarian cancer of all cases, including serous tumor, endometrioid tumor and mucinous cystadenocarcinoma.

B. Germ cell ovarian cancer

Germ cell ovarian tumor is a censer of the egg producing cells within the ovary and can be cancerous or non-cancerous tumors. It tends to occur in children and teens as a result of birth defects resulting from errors during development of the embryo.

C. Sex cord stromal ovarian cancer
Sex cord stromal ovarian tumor is a cancer of the tissue of the ovary accounted for 8% of ovarian cancers. The excess estrogen produced by Sex cord stromal ovarian tumor can lead to certain symptoms, such as adult granulosa cell tumours and thecomas, postmenopausal bleeding, menorrhagia, amenorrhea, endometrial hyperplasia, etc. The cancer tend to develop in older age group.

D. Secondary cancer

Due to distant spread from other cancer to the ovaries.

E. Etc.


Types of food to prevent and treat  Ovarian cancer
1. Grapes and berries
Myricetin is a flavonol, belong to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols), found in many grapes, berries, etc.. In the research of inverse associations with certain flavonoids or flavonoid subclasses (myricetin, kaempferol, quercetin, luteolin, and apigenin) and ovarian cancer risk, found that In analyses of each individual flavonoid, only intake of apigenin was associated with a borderline significant decrease in risk (RR, highest vs. lowest quintile = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.59-1.06; p-trend = 0.26), and this association was significant after adjustment for intake of the other 4 individual flavonoids (comparable RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.53-0.98; p-trend = 0.09), according to "Flavonoid intake and ovarian cancer risk in a population-based case-control study" by Gates MA, Vitonis AF, Tworoger SS, Rosner B, Titus-Ernstoff L, Hankinson SE, Cramer DW.(1)

2. Green tea
a. In prospective cohort study to investigate whether tea consumption can enhance the survival of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer conducted in Hangzhou, China, found that Compared to non-drinkers, the adjusted hazard ratios were 0.55 (95% CI = 0.34-0.90) for tea-drinkers, 0.43 (95% CI = 0.20-0.92) for consuming at least 1 cup of green tea/day, 0.44 (95% CI = 0.22-0.90) for brewing 1 batch or more of green tea/day, 0.40 (95% CI = 0.18-0.90) for consuming more than 500 g of dried tea leaves/year, and 0.38 (95% CI = 0.15-0.97) for consuming at least 2 g of dried tea leaves/batch. The corresponding dose-response relationships were significant (p < 0.05)(2).
b. Other suggested that studies on the health benefits of drinking tea, particularly green tea, are finding exciting results, particularly in cancer research. Modern studies in both Asia and the West have provided encouraging results indicating that drinking green tea contributes to fighting many different kinds of cancers including stomach, oesophageal, ovarian and colon(3).

3. Turmeric
a. In the study to analyze  the impact of sphingosine kinase-1 (SphK-1) inhibition on ceramides production, and evaluated SphK1 inhibitor II (SKI-II) as a potential curcumin chemo-sensitizer in ovarian cancer cells, found that inhibition of SphK1 by SKI-II or by RNA interference (RNAi) knockdown dramatically enhanced curcumin-induced apoptosis and growth inhibition in ovarian cancer cells. SKI-II facilitated curcumin-induced ceramides production, p38 activation and Akt inhibition. Inhibition of p38 by the pharmacological inhibitor (SB 203580), a dominant-negative expression vector, or by RNAi diminished curcumin and SKI-II co-administration-induced ovarian cancer cell apoptosis, and, to restore Akt activation by introducing a constitutively active Akt (CA-Akt), or to inhibit ceramides production by fumonisin B1 also inhibited curcumin plus SKI-II co-administration-induced in vitro anti-ovarian cancer effect(4).

b. Others found that curcumin exhibited time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity against monolayer cultures of ovarian carcinoma cell lines with differing p53 status (wild-type p53: HEY, OVCA429; mutant p53: OCC1; null p53: SKOV3). In addition, p53 knockdown or p53 inhibition did not diminish curcumin killing of HEY cells, confirming p53-independent cytotoxicity. Curcumin also killed OVCA429, and SKOV3 cells grown as multicellular spheroids(5).

4. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19117058
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15382073
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22039897
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22594559 

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Thyroid Cancer

Thyroid is one of the largest endocrine glands found in the neck, below the Adam's Apple with the function of regulating the body use of energy, make of proteins by producing its hormones as a result of the stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) produced by the anterior pituitary.

Thyroid cancer is defined as condition in which the cells in the thyroid gland have become cancerous.

Types of thyroid cancer
The most common types of thyroid cancer include
1. Papillary thyroid cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer, the most common type of thyroid cancer, makes up about 80 percent of all thyroid cancers. The cancer tends to develop in the women age group between 30-40 years of age and grow slowly. Papillary thyroid cancer can be cure if diagnosed early.
2. Follicular thyroid cancer
Follicular thyroid cancer, the second most common thyroid cancer, makes up about 15 percent of all case. It is a low grow cancer with peak onset ages 40 through 60. Follicular thyroid cancer can be treat successful, if diagnosed early.
3. Medullary thyroid cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer, third most common thyroid cance makes up about 3 percent of all cases, arise from thyroid hormone producing cells with abnormally high levels of calcitonin. Medullary thyroid cancer tends to grow slowly but it can spread to distant parts of the body, if not treated early.
4. Anaplastic thyroid cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer the rare case of thyroid cancer, makes up less than 2 percent of all cases. The cancer cells tend to grow and spread very quickly. Anaplastic thyroid cancer is deadly, with only 10% of alive rate, 3 years after it is diagnosed.

Types of food to prevent and treat thyroid cancer
1. Legumes, soy and peanut
Daidzein is a phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy, peanut, etc..In the study to explore whether or not human thyroid cancer cell growth can be curbed by a novel isoflavone derivative generated in our laboratory, the N-t-Boc-hexylenediamine derivative of 7-(O)-carboxymethyl daidzein (cD-tboc), showed that when nude mice carrying ARO thyroid xenografts were treated with cD-tboc, tumor volume decreased significantly, and no apparent toxicity was observed. These results suggest that cD-tboc may be a promising agent for therapy of thyroid carcinoma either alone or in combination with existing cytotoxic drugs(1).

2. Soybean
In the study to observe that an acidic methanolic extract of soybeans contains compounds that inhibit thyroid peroxidase-(TPO) catalyzed reactions essential to thyroid hormone synthesis, showed that In the presence of iodide ion, genistein and daidzein blocked TPO-catalyzed tyrosine iodination by acting as alternate substrates, yielding mono-, di-, and triiodoisoflavones. Genistein also inhibited thyroxine synthesis using iodinated casein or human goiter thyroglobulin as substrates for the coupling reaction(2).

3. Green tea
Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major catechin in green tea, was shown to possess remarkable therapeutic potential against various types of human cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo models.  In the study to investigate the effect of EGCG on the proliferation and apoptosis of ARO cells--human ATC cells, showed that EGCG treatment inhibited the growth of ARO cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, EGCG suppressed phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2, JNK, and p38. These changes were associated with increased p21 and reduced cyclin B1/CDK1 expression. In addition, EGCG treatment increased the accumulation of sub-G1 cell, activated caspase-3 and cleaved PARP(3).

4. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21600982
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9464451 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21725973 

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Testicular Cancer

Testicular Cancer is a cancer arises in the testicles (testes), which are located inside the scrotum, part of male reproductive system, responding to the production and reproduction of male sex hormones and sperm. It tends to develop in the age groups of twenties and thirties.

Types of testicular cancer
1. Seminomas (Cancers of sperm producing cells)
Seminomas are originated from the sperm producing cells and accounted for 40% of all cases, seminomas tend to slower growing cancer, but it can spread to the lymph nodes in a quarter of patients. In most cases, it can be cured by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

2. Non-seminomas (Cancers of embryonal type of cells)
Non-seminomas are originated from the embryonal type of cells and accounted for 40% of all cases of testicular cancer. Non-seminomas are aggressive and tend to spread quickly, including a. Embryonal carcinomas
Embryonla carcinomas are very aggressive tumors and tend to grow quickly and spread to distant parts of the body including the lungs and liver.

b. Teratoma carcinomas
Teratoma carcinomas tend to develop in young boys more then adult men and are generally benign and rarely spread to nearby tissues and distant parts of the body.

c. Yolk-sac tumors
Yolk-sac tumors is a rare type of testicular cancer
c.1. If it affects in children, it can be treated successfully in most cases
c.2. if it affects adult men, it can be treated by chemotherapy, even if they have spread.

d. Choriocarcinomas
Choriocarcinomas, a rare type of testicular cancer, affects mostly younger men and responds poorly to radiation and chemotherapy and carries high mortality rate.

Types of food to prevent and treat testicle cancer
1. Nutrient mixture (NM)
In the study to investigate the inhibitory effects of a nutrient mixture (NM)
a. Lysine (Beans and other legumes)
b. Proline (Gelatin)
c. Arginine (Spinach, Lentils and Whole Grains)
d. Ascorbic acid (Circuit fruit)
e. Green tea
on human testicular cancer cell line NT 2/DT matrigel invasion and MMP activity, showed that The nutrient mixture showed no significant effect on testis cancer cell growth. Zymography demonstrated secretion of MMP-2 by untreated human testis cancer cells and MMP-9 with PMA induction. NM inhibited secretion of both MMPs in a dose-dependent fashion with virtual total inhibition of MMP-9 at 100 microg/mL. Invasion of human testis cancer cells through Matrigel was reduced by 84% at 50 microg/mL and at 100 microg/mL (p = 0.004). NM significantly inhibited MMP secretion and matrix invasion in testicular cancer cells without toxic effect, indicating potential as an anticancer agent(1)

2. Etc.



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For more health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca   

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17848742

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Stomach Cancer/Gastric Cancer

Stomach located between the esophagus and the small intestine, is a muscular, hollow and an important organ of the digestive tract.

Stomach cancer is defined as condition of abnormal growth of the mucus-producing cells ofthe inside lining of the stomach. Adenocarcinoma is the most common type of stomach cancer.

Types of stomach cancer
1. Adenocarcinoma
If cancer arises from the glands in the mucosa
a. Superficial spreading
It is an early stage of the cancer and tend to be less aggressive or ulcer
b. Polyloid
Cancer grows in pattern like a polyp and is less aggressive.
c. Infiltrating
If cancer grows in infiltrating pattern into the stomach wall and more aggressive.
d. Linitis plastica
Cancer grows diffusivity throughout the whole wall of stomach

2. Lymphomas
Cancer of the lymphocytes originated from the stomach and behave much like lyphomas of the other parts of the body but adenocarcinoma

3. Sarcomas
Cancer originated from the connected tissue of the stomach behave much like sarcomas of the other parts of the body but adenocarcinoma.

Types of food to prevent and treat Stomach Cancer/Gastric Cancer
1.  Broccoli and broccoli sprout
Some reserachers suggested that sulforaphane [(-)-1-isothiocyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl)butane], an isothiocyanate abundant as its glucosinolate precursor in certain varieties of broccoli and broccoli sprouts, is a potent bacteriostatic agent against 3 reference strains and 45 clinical isolates of H. pylori [minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) for 90% of the strains is <or=4 microg/ml], irrespective of their resistance to conventional antibiotics. Further, brief exposure to sulforaphane was bactericidal, and eliminated intracellular H. pylori from a human epithelial cell line (HEp-2). In complementary experiments, sulforaphane blocked benzo[a]pyrene-evoked forestomach tumors in ICR mice. This protection resulted from induction of phase 2 detoxication and antioxidant enzymes, and was abrogated in mice lacking the nrf2 gene, which regulates phase 2 enzymes. Thus, the dual actions of sulforaphane in inhibiting Helicobacter infections and blocking gastric tumor formation offer hope that these mechanisms might function synergistically to provide diet-based protection against gastric cancer in humans(1).

2. Turmeric
Curcumin, a phytochemical compound found in Turmeric has exerted the inhibitory effect against Gastric Cancer. Dr. Sintara K and scientist at the  Chulalongkorn University, indicated that curcumin treatments for 3 and 20 weeks reduced the cancer incidence resulting in a decrease of phospho-IκBα expression in benign tumor-bearing rats compared with MNU + s-NaCl. Curcumin treatment for 20 weeks also decreased 8-OHdG expression in benign tumor-bearing rats compared with MNU + s-NaCl. Curcumin can attenuate cancer via a reduction of phospho-IκBα and 8-OHdG expressions, which may play a promising role in gastric carcinogenesis(2).

3. Legumes and soy
Genistein is a phytochemical in the Isoflavones, belonging to the group of Flavonoids (polyphenols), found abundantly in food of the family of legumes, soy, etc. In the study to determinewhether the effect of genistein is mediated via suppression of cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 protein, and elucidated the mechanism of action of this effect in the human gastric cancer cell line BGC-823, showed that Genistein treatment inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner; Western blotting analysis indicated a significant dose-dependent decrease in COX-2 protein levels. Genistein treatment exerted a significant inhibitory effect on activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). Additionally, the NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate caused a reduction in COX-2 protein levels and NF-κB activation, similar to the effect of genistein(3).

4. Apple and Chamomille Tea
Quercetin is a member of flavonoids, found in apple and Chamomille Tea. It is also one of antioxidants with property of protecting our body in fighting against forming of free radicals cause of mutation of cells`DNA. Dr. Qin Y and scientists at the Wuhan University of Science and Technology,
indicated that Quercetin could inhibit the Proliferation of MGC-803 cells. It is probably relevant to the down-regulation the expressions of Leptin and Leptin receptor protein, Leptin mRNA and Leptin receptor mRNA by JAK-STAT pathway(4).

5. Etc.

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For the series of Foods to prevent and treat cancers, visit http://foodstopreventandtreatcancers.blogspot.ca/p/phytochemical-in-foods-to-prevent-and.html

For more health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca   

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12032331 
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22690125
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22289529

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Skin Cancer (Excluding Melanoma)

Skin cancer is a medical condition of uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells and often detected at an early stage.

Types of skin cancers
The three most common skin cancers are
1. Basal cell cancer
It is the most common type of skin cancer as a result of abnormal growth of the cells in the lowest layer of the epidermis. The cancer rarely spread and kill but can cause significant destruction and disfigurement to the affected skin area and accounted for more than 90% of all skin cancer in the U.S.
2. Squamous cell cancer
It arises from the uncontrolled multiplication of transformed malignant cells in the middle layer of the epidermis.
3. Melanoma
Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer but less common to other skin cancer as a result of malignancy of melanocytes, which are the cell produced dark pigment for your skin. see Melanoma Skin Cancer (Malignant Melanoma) 

Types of food to prevent and treat skin cancer
1. Green tea
In the  investigations and mechanistic studies that define and support the photoprotective efficacy of green tea polyphenols (GTPs) against UV carcinogenesis, showed that oral administration of GTPs in drinking water or the topical application of EGCG prevents UVB-induced skin tumor development in mice, and this prevention is mediated through: (a) the induction of immunoregulatory cytokine interleukin (IL) 12; (b) IL-12-dependent DNA repair following nucleotide excision repair mechanism; (c) the inhibition of UV-induced immunosuppression through IL-12-dependent DNA repair; (d) the inhibition of angiogenic factors; and (e) the stimulation of cytotoxic T cells in a tumor microenvironment(1).

2. Turmeric,
In the study of  curcumin loaded chitin nanogels (CCNGs) were developed using biocompatible and biodegradable chitin with an anticancer curcumin drug. Chitin, as well as curcumin, is insoluble in water,
indicated that The CCNGs showed a 4-fold increase in steady state transdermal flux of curcumin as compared to that of control curcumin solution. The histopathology studies of the porcine skin samples treated with the prepared materials showed loosening of the horny layer of the epidermis, facilitating penetration with no observed signs of inflammation. These results suggest that the formulated CCNGs offer specific advantage for the treatment of melanoma, the most common and serious type of skin cancer, by effective transdermal penetration(2).

3. Tea, Grapes and berries
Myricetin is a flavonol, belong to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols), found in many tea grapes, berries, fruits, etc. In the affirmation of myricetin, a flavonol, found to inhibit UVB-induced angiogenesis by targeting PI3-K in an SKH-1 hairless mouse skin tumorigenesis model. Raf kinase is a critical target for myricetin in inhibiting the UVB-induced formation of wrinkles and suppression of type I procollagen and collagen levels in mouse skin, according to "Myricetin is a potent chemopreventive phytochemical in skin carcinogenesis" by Kang NJ, Jung SK, Lee KW, Lee HJ.(3)

4. Grapes and red wine
in the study to evaluate the chemopreventive effects of resveratrol against UVB radiation-mediated skin tumorigenesis in the SKH-1 hairless mouse model, suggests that resveratrol enhanced apoptosis in UVB-exposure-mediated skin tumors. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that 1) resveratrol imparts strong chemopreventive effects against UVB exposure-mediated skin carcinogenesis (relevant to human skin cancers), and 2) the chemopreventive effects of resveratrol may, at least in part, be mediated via modulations in Survivin and other associated events. On the basis of our work, it is conceivable to design resveratrol-containing emollient or patch, as well as sunscreen and skin-care products for prevention of skin cancer and other conditions, which are believed to be caused by UV radiation(4).


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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17049833
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080352 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21793847
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22080352 

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Prostate Cancer

Prostate warped around the around a tube (the urethra) is a gland of the male reproductive system found in front of the rectum and just below the bladder and responsible for making some of semen that carries sperm.

Prostate cancer is defined as a condition in which the cells of prostate has become cancerous, causing abnormal cell growth which spread to the distant parts of the body. Most prostate cancers are slow growing and enlarged prostate and prostate cancer may be detected during the Physical (rectum) exams.

Types of food to prevent and treat prostate cancers
1. Tomato
In the study of `Lower prostate cancer risk in men with elevated plasma lycopene levels: results of a prospective analysis.`by Gann PH, Ma J, Giovannucci E, Willett W, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, Stampfer MJ. (Source from Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA. pgann@nwu.edu), researchers found that the ORs for all prostate cancers declined slightly with increasing quintile of plasma lycopene (5th quintile OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.54-1.06; P, trend = 0.12); there was a stronger inverse association for aggressive prostate cancers (5th quintile OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.34-0.91; P, trend = 0.05). In the placebo group, plasma lycopene was very strongly related to lower prostate cancer risk (5th quintile OR = 0.40; P, trend = 0.006 for aggressive cancer), whereas there was no evidence for a trend among those assigned to beta-carotene supplements and concluded that These data provide further evidence that increased consumption of tomato products and other lycopene-containing foods might reduce the occurrence or progression of prostate cancer(1).

2. Grapes and berries
Myricetin, a flavonol, belong to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols), found in many grapes, berries, fruits, etc has been used as antioxidant to lower cholesterol, treat certain types of cancer, etc.
In the selection of several potential uPA inhibitors (antipain, leupeptin, folic acid, rosmarinic acid, lavendustin A, fisetin, myricetin, tolfenamic acid) and examination of theirs effects in prostate cancer found that a proper diet rich in uPA-inhibiting nutraceuticals might support the prevention of prostrate cancer and be a supportive tool in prostate cancer treatment, according to "Nutraceutical inhibitors of urokinase: potential applications in prostate cancer prevention and treatment" by Jankun J, Selman SH, Aniola J, Skrzypczak-Jankun E.(2)

3. Green and black tea
Tea polyphenols have been extensively studied in cell culture and animal models where they inhibited tumor onset and progression. "In vivo animal, and clinical intervention studies examine the effects of extracts of GT or purified (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on prostate carcinogenesis. These studies provide strong evidence supporting a chemopreventive effect of GT, but results from epidemiological studies of GT consumption are mixed. While the evidence for a chemopreventive effect of BT is much weaker than the body of evidence with regard to GT, there are several animal BT intervention studies demonstrating inhibition of CaP growth" said Dr. Henning SM, and the research team at the University of California(3)

4. Soy milk
In the study to examine of a prospective study with 225 incident cases of prostate cancer in 12,395 California Seventh-Day Adventist men who in 1976 stated how often they drank soy milk.
suggests that men with high consumption of soy milk are at reduced risk of prostate cancer. Possible associations between soy bean products, isoflavones and prostate cancer risk should be further investigated(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10096552
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16820913 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21538852
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10189040 

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Pancreatic Cancer (Exocrine Cancers)

Pancreas is an oblong flattened gland in the digestive and endocrine system located in the abdomen. By secreting pancreatic juice to the small intestine, pancreas helps to break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. Traditional Chinese medicine view pancreas as a vital organ in responsible for the absorption of foods' qi and nutrients before passing them to other organs to nourish our body.

Cancer of pancreas or pancreatic cancer is defined as condition of a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas, as the cells have become cancerous and divided uncontrollably. Most pancreatic cancers start in the ducts (exocrine component of the pancreas) that carry pancreatic juices with cancer of an epithelium that originates in glandular tissue accounts for over 75 - 90% of all cases of exocrine cancers.

Types of food to prevent and treat pancreatic cancer 
1. Pomegranate
Pomegranate extract (PE) is a standardized whole-fruit extract of pomegranate, a fruit with known anticancer properties, Dr. Nair V, and the research team at the University of Texas at Austin, in the study ofPomegranate extract induces cell cycle arrest and alters cellular phenotype of human pancreatic cancer cells, showed that PE treatment induced cell cycle arrest and inhibited cell proliferation in PANC-1 cells. PE treatment increased the proportion of cells lacking CD44 and CD24 expression, which are associated with increased tumor-initiating ability, demonstrating that PE altered cell phenotype. PE was more effective in inhibiting the proliferation of PANC-1 cells than the clinically used dose of paclitaxel. Similar results were obtained in the AsPC-1 cell line. Individual pomegranate phytochemicals were only modestly effective in inhibiting cell proliferation(1).

2. Curcumin, raspberry and neem leaf
the study of Impact of curcumin, raspberry extract, and neem leaf extract on rel protein-regulated cell death/radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer cells showed that CUR, NLE, and RSE may serve as effective "deliverables" to potentiate RT in PC cure and further throw light that these phytochemicals-induced cell killing may involve selective regulation of RT-induced NF-κB(2).

3. Tomato
Lycotene is a phytochemical compound and bright red pigment belonging to group of carotene in the family of carotenoids found mostly in tomatoes. In the study to investigate the possible association between dietary carotenoids and pancreatic cancer risk. A case-control study of 462 histologically confirmed pancreatic cancer cases and 4721 population-based controls in 8 Canadian provinces took place between 1994 and 1997, showed that After adjustment for age, province, BMI, smoking, educational attainment, dietary folate, and total energy intake, lycopene, provided mainly by tomatoes, was associated with a 31% reduction in pancreatic cancer risk among men [odds ratio (OR) = 0.69; 95% CI: 0.46-0.96; P = 0.026 for trend] when comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of intake. Both beta-carotene (OR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.32-0.99; P = 0.016 for trend) and total carotenoids (OR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.34-1.00; P = 0.02 for trend) were associated with a significantly reduced risk among those who never smoked. The results of this study suggest that a diet rich in tomatoes and tomato-based products with high lycopene content may help reduce pancreatic cancer risk(3).

4.  Grapes and berries
Myricetin, a flavonol, belong to the flavonoid in Flavonoids (polyphenols), found in many grapes, berries, etc. has been used as antioxidant to lower cholesterol, treat certain types of cancer, etc. In the observation of the flavonoid myricetin and its effect on metastatic pancreatic cancer cell lines, found that myricetin resulted in tumor regression and decreased metastatic spread. Importantly, myricetin was non-toxic, both in vitro and in vivo, underscoring its use as a therapeutic agent against pancreatic cancer, according to the study of "Myricetin induces pancreatic cancer cell death via the induction of apoptosis and inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway" by Phillips PA, Sangwan V, Borja-Cacho D, Dudeja V, Vickers SM, Saluja AK.(4)

5. Etc.



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For more health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca   

Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21868510
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21697760 
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15735099
(4) ) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21676539

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Pharynx (Throat) Cancer

Pharynx
Pharynx is the curve area of the back of the mouth, located between esophagus and trachea connecting the nasal and oral cavities to the larynx. Its functions is to provide a passageway for respiratory and digestive tracts. In the United States in 2010 alone, according to National cancer Institute, there were 12,660 new cases of pharyngeal cancer, resulting in deaths of 2,410 patients

Pharynx Cancer or pharyngeal cancer
Pharynx Cancer is originated in tissue of the pharynx and classified
1. The nasopharynx (the upper part of the throat behind the nose)
Cancer of the pharyngeal most commonly begins with malignant cells that line the nasopharynx, including nasal passages and auditory tubes join the remainder of the upper respiratory tract.
2. The oropharynx (the middle part of the pharynx)
Cancer of the oropharynx also begins with the malignant cells that line the oropharynx, including the base of the tongue, the tonsils, the soft palate.
3. The hypopharynx (the bottom part of the pharynx)
Cancer of the hypopharynx most commonly begins with the malignant squamous cell that line the hypopharynx where the area of the larynx and esophagus meet. 90% of oropharyngeal neoplasms are squamous cell carcinoma.

Types of Foods to prevent and treat Pharynx Cancer or pharyngeal cancer
1.  Green tea
In a study of a total of 20,550 men and 29,671 women aged 40-79 years, without any history of oral and pharyngeal cancer showed that for women, the HRs of oral cancer for green tea consumption of 1-2, 3-4, and 5 or more cups per day were 0.51 (95% CI: 0.10-2.68), 0.60 (95% CI: 0.17-2.10), and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.09-1.07), respectively, compared with those who drank less than one cup per day (p for trend, 0.08). For men, no such trends were observed(1).

2. Brussel sprouts, beets and broccoli
Folate found abundantly in Brussel sprouts, beets and broccoli. In the-control study, conducted in Italy and French-speaking Switzerland, included 749 patients with incident cancer of the oral cavity and pharynx, and 1772 hospital controls with acute, non-neoplastic conditions, indicated that folate have exerted a protective role of folate against oral and pharyngeal carcinogenesis. Compared with low folate intake, a consistent reduction in risk was already observed from intermediate levels of intake, suggesting that cancer risk may be related to relative folate deficiency(2).

3. Diet diversity
In the study of 805 patients with histologically confirmed incident cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, and controls of 2,081 patients admitted for acute, non-neoplastic diseases, unrelated to tobacco or alcohol consumption, indicated that a significant inverse association was observed with total diet diversity. The multivariate odds ratio (OR), adjusted for education, tobacco and alcohol, was 0.78 (95% confidence interval, CI 0.61-0.98) for subjects in the highest tertile of diversity. Inverse relations were found also for diversity within vegetables (OR = 0.62; 95% CI 0.49-0.78) and fruits (OR = 0.67; 95% CI 0.53-0.86)(3).

4.  Turmeric
In the study to investigate the mechanism underlying the curcumin-induced apoptosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cell line NCE cells, indicated that Several evidences of apoptosis were obtained from curcumin-treated NCE cells by acridine orange and ethidium bromide stains, ultrastructure identification, DNA fragmentation assay and TUNEL staining. And the mean TUNEL-positive rates increased significantly at the 3 different time points (12 h, 24 h and 48 h; 25.6%, 40.3% and 54.5%, respectively). In the curcumin-treated-groups, delta psi m altered significantly and the positive rates increased in a time-dependent manner. At the 3 different time points, the mean positive rates were 26.8%, 42.3% and 68.2%, respectively. When caspase-3 activity was detected, 80.5% cells presented proteases activities after 12 h incubation with curcumin. Western Blot analysis showed that cytoplasmic cytochrome C increased significantly after incubation with curcumin. Flow cytometry and RT-PCR analysis showed that curcumin could up-regulate the Fas expression in time-depended manner , the positive rates of Fas protein increased from 33.6% to 89.9%(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17606381
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14581278 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18622637

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Myeloma (Multiple Myenoma)

Multiple myeloma (Myeloma) is a type of cancer originated from plasma cells in the bone marrow. It is a type of white blood cell normally responsible for the production of antibodies to protect our body against infection with some characteristics.

Types of food to prevent and treat Multiple myeloma (Myeloma)
1. Turmeric
In the study of Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) down-regulates the constitutive activation of nuclear factor-kappa B and IkappaBalpha kinase in human multiple myeloma cells, leading to suppression of proliferation and induction of apoptosis, scientists at the The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, showed that Curcumin suppressed the constitutive IkappaBalpha phosphorylation through the inhibition of IKK activity. Curcumin also down-regulated the expression of NF-kappaB-regulated gene products, including IkappaBalpha, Bcl-2, Bcl-x(L), cyclin D1, and interleukin-6. This led to the suppression of proliferation and arrest of cells at the G(1)/S phase of the cell cycle. Suppression of NF-kappaB complex by IKKgamma/NF-kappaB essential modulator-binding domain peptide also suppressed the proliferation of MM cells. Curcumin also activated caspase-7 and caspase-9 and induced polyadenosine-5'-diphosphate-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Curcumin-induced down-regulation of NF-kappaB, a factor that has been implicated in chemoresistance, also induced chemosensitivity to vincristine and melphalan(1).

2. Green tea
(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate extracted from green tea have exerted the inhibitory effect against multiple myeloma cells. Dr. Shammas MA and the research team at Veterans Administration Boston Health Care System, and Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Harvard Medical School, showed that EGCG interacts with the 67-kDa laminin receptor 1 (LR1), which is significantly elevated in myeloma cell lines and patient samples relative to normal PBMCs. RNAi-mediated inhibition of LR1 resulted in abrogation of EGCG-induced apoptosis in myeloma cells, indicating that LR1 plays an important role in mediating EGCG activity in MM while sparing PBMCs. Evaluation of changes in gene expression profile indicates that EGCG treatment activates distinct pathways of growth arrest and apoptosis in MM cells by inducing the expression of death-associated protein kinase 2, the initiators and mediators of death receptor-dependent apoptosis (Fas ligand, Fas, and caspase 4), p53-like proteins (p73, p63), positive regulators of apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation (CARD10, CARD14), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (p16 and p18)(2).

3. Skins and seed of grape and wine
In the study to investigate the effect of Resveratrol trans-3, 4', 5,-trihydroxystilbene, insuppressing the multiple myeloma (MM), found that Resveratrol activated IRE1α as evidenced by XBP1 messenger RNA splicing and phosphorylation of both IRE1α and its downstream kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase in MM cells. These responses were associated with resveratrol-induced cytotoxicity of MM cells. Resveratrol selectively suppressed the transcriptional activity of XBP1s while it stimulated gene expression of the molecules that are regulated by the non-IRE1/XBP1 axis of the ER stress response. Luciferase assays indicated that resveratrol suppressed the transcriptional activity of XBP1s through sirtuin 1, a downstream molecular target of resveratrol. Chromatin immunoprecipitation studies revealed that resveratrol decreased the DNA binding capacity of XBP1 and increased the enrichment of sirtuin 1 at the XBP1 binding region in the XBP1 promoter(3).

4. Carrot
Retinoic acid found of a measure amount in carrot has a potential in prevent and treat Myeloma (Multiple Myenoma). Study showed that The inhibitory effect of cRA was significantly superior to tRA (P = 0.0129) and IFN-alpha, similar to IFN-gamma and DEX. The combinations of cRA + IFN alpha, tRA + IFN-gamma, tRA + DEX did not show any synergistic effect on myeloma proliferation. In contrast, the combination cRA + DEX (0.29 +/- 0.04, M +/- SEM) markedly increased the effect of both cRA and DEX used as single agents. Ig synthesis was not significantly affected by CRA, tRA, IFN-gamma and the combination tRA + IFN-gamma. As expected, only IFN-alpha (P = 0.002) and DEX (P < 0.001) inhibited Ig production(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12393461 
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16809610
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21723843 
(40 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7734354

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Mouth ( Oral ) cancer

Oral cancer is any malignant cell growth in the tissue located in the oral cavity, including the tissue of the lips or the tongue, cheek lining, floor of the mouth, gums (gingiva) and the roof of the mouth (palate).

Types of foods to prevent and treat Oral cancer
1. Green tea
Green tea is important source of polyphenol antioxidants. Polyphenols including epigallocatechin 3 gallate (EGCG) constitute the most interesting components in green tea leaves. Green tea has the potential to protect against various malignant, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Dr. Narotzki B and the research team at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, indicated that Green tea protects against bacterial induced dental caries. Tea polyphenols possess antiviral properties, believed to help in protection from influenza virus. Additionally, green tea polyphenols can abolish halitosis through modification of odorant sulphur components. Oral cavity oxidative stress and inflammation, consequent to cigarette smoking and cigarettes' deleterious compounds nicotine and acrolein, may be reduced in the presence of green tea polyphenols. Generally, green tea defends healthy cells from malignant transformation and locally has the ability to induce apoptosis in oral cancer cells(1).

2. Milk thistle seeds
Silybin is aslo known as Silibinin (INN), the major active ingredient of silymarin, a flavanone, found in the milk thistle seeds has exerted the protective effect to cause oral cancer cells apoptosis. In the study of Silibinin inhibits invasion of oral cancer cells by suppressing the MAPK pathway, showed that molecular evidence associated with the anti-metastatic effect of silibinin by showing a marked inhibition of the invasion and motility of SCC-4 tongue cancer cells, with 89% and 66.4% of inhibition, respectively, by 100 microM of silibinin. This effect was associated with a reduced expression of MMP-2 and u-PA, together with an enhanced expression of TIMP-2 and PAI-1(2)

3. Turmeric
Curcumin, a major active component and principal curcuminoid of the popular Indian spice of turmeric, ,has been shown to have inhibitory effects on cancers. Dr. Kim JY, and scientists in the study of Curcumin-induced autophagy contributes to the decreased survival of oral cancer cells. indicated that curcumin induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and autophagic vacuoles formation by curcumin was almost completely blocked in the presence of N-acetylcystein (NAC), an antioxidant. Rescue experiments using an autophagy inhibitor suppressed curcumin-induced cell death in OSCC, confirming that autophagy acts as a pro-death signal. Furthermore, curcumin shows anticancer activity against OSCC via both autophagy and apoptosis(4).

4. Green vegetables, citrus fruits and red grape wines
Resveratrol and quercetin are polyphenols which have been found in abundantly in significant amounts in green vegetables, citrus fruits and red grape wines. Quercetin exhibited a biphasic effect, stimulation at 1 and 10 microM, and minimal inhibition at 100 microM in cell growth and DNA synthesis. Combining 50 microM of resveratrol with 10, 25 and 50 microM of quercetin resulted in a gradual and significant increase in the inhibitory effect of quercetin on cell growth and DNA synthesis(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22226360
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16498067
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22554995
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10211549

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Melanoma skin cancer ( Malignant Melanoma)

Melanoma is a kind of skin cancer but less common to other skin cancer as a result of malignancy of of melanocytes, which is the cell produced dark pigment for your skin. Approximate 120,000 new cases of melanoma in the US are diagnosed in a year. melanoma tends to spread along the skin in most of the cases, but also can grow downward to the deeper layers of the skin. At the later stage, it can spread to distant parts of the body, including organs.

Types of melanoma
1. Superficial spreading
This is a most common type of melanoma, accounted for over 70% of all cases. It usually starts with a normal mole, but for what ever reason, it begins to change malignantly with irregular borders, and has color variations.

2. Nodular type
This type of melanoma is more aggressive growth than superficial spreading and found most on the trunk, upper arms, and thighs. The nodular type of melanoma is usual detected as a lump with blue and black color.

3. Acral melanoma
Acral melanoma mostly founded on the hands, feet, and nail beds. The risk increases for people with darken-skin color.

4. Lentigo maligna melanoma
Found mostly on the face of elderly in the eye, back at the eye. around the mouth, the anus or vagina with great exposure to sunlight.

Types of foods to prevent and treat Melanoma skin cancer
1. green tea
In the study to determine the effect of green tea catechins on the invasive potential of human melanoma cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using A375 (BRAF-mutated) and Hs294t (Non-BRAF-mutated) melanoma cell lines as an in vitro model, showed that EGCG, a major green tea catechin, has the ability to inhibit melanoma cell invasion/migration, an essential step of metastasis, by targeting the endogenous expression of COX-2, PGE(2) receptors and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(1).

2. Grape seed
In the examined the effect of grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSPs) on melanoma cancer cell migration and the molecular mechanisms underlying these effects using highly metastasis-specific human melanoma cell lines, A375 and Hs294t, indicated that GSPs have the ability to inhibit melanoma cell invasion/migration by targeting the endogenous expression of COX-2 and reversing the process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition(2).

3. Turmeric
Curcumin is a phytochemical found abundant in the plant. In acidic solutions (pH <7.4) it turns yellow, whereas in basic (pH > 8.6) solutions it turns bright red. In the successfully incorporated curcumin into a bilayer of dodecanoic acid attached to magnetite nanoparticles in an effort to maximize solubility and delivery efficiency, found that fluorescent microscopy revealed that curcumin associated magnetite nanoparticles were internalized by the melanoma cells and remained in the cytoplasm. The curcumin/magnetic nanoparticles synthesized in this study possess magnetic and water solubility properties making this a novel curcumin formulation with therapeutic potential(3).

4. Mango, Soy and Strawberries
Gallic acid (GA) is a phytochemical in the class of Phenolic acids, found abundantly in tea, mango, strawberries, soy, etc. In the study to examine the influence of GA on the protein levels and gene expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and in-vitro migration and invasiveness of human melanoma cells, showed that GA has antimetastatic potential by decreasing invasiveness of cancer cells. Moreover, this action of GA was involved in the Ras, p-ERK signaling pathways resulting in inhibition of MMP-2 in A375.S2 human melanoma cells. These data, therefore, provide evidence for the role of GA as a potential cancer chemotherapeutic agent, which can markedly inhibit the invasive capacity of melanoma cells(4).

5. Etc.


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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22022384
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21738696 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974686
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21734530 

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma(

Lymphoma is defined as a condition of cancer in the lymphatic cells (lymphocytes) of the immune system originated in lymph nodes. It represents a group of over 20 types of cancers. Since it is a cancer in the lymph nodes, it tends to begin with several places simultaneously and spread slowly or quickly to distant parts of body, depending to the grade of the cancer.
Lymphocytes are white blood cells in the lymph nodes and bone marrow.

Types of food to prevent and treat Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
1. Green tea
(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a major constituent of green tea polyphenols in green tea, has been shown to suppress cancer cell proliferation and induce apoptosis.In the study to investigate its efficacy and the mechanism underlying its effect using human B lymphoblastoid cell line Ramos, and effect of co-treatment with EGCG and a chemotherapeutic agent on apoptotic cell death found that pretreatment with diphenylene iodonium chloride, an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase and an antioxidant, partially suppressed both EGCG-induced apoptosis and production of ROS, implying that oxidative stress is involved in the apoptotic response. Furthermore, we showed that combined-treatment with EGCG and a chemotherapeutic agent, etoposide, synergistically induced apoptosis in Ramos cells(1).

2. Rice bran
Emerging evidence supporting chronic disease fighting properties of rice bran has advanced the development of stabilized rice bran for human use as a functional food and dietary supplement. 
 Fermented rice bran extracts from three rice varieties reduced growth of human B lymphomas compared to each variety's nonfermented control and revealed that fermentation differentially altered bioactive compounds. These data support that integration of global and targeted metabolite analysis can be utilized for assessing health properties of rice bran phytochemicals that are enhanced by yeast fermentation and that differ across rice varieties(2).

3. Skins and seed of grape and wine
Resveratrol is a phytochemical in the class of Stilbenoids, found abundantly in skins and seed of grape wine, etc. Resveratrol (trans-3,4,5-trihydroxystilbene) has received attention for its potential chemopreventive and antitumor effects in experimental systems. Dr. Jazirehi AR and Dr. Bonavida B. at the  University of California at Los Angeles, in the study investigated whether resveratrol can sensitize NHL and MM cell lines to paclitaxel-mediated apoptosis and to delineate the underlying molecular mechanism of sensitization. Both resveratrol and paclitaxel negatively modulated tumor cell growth by arresting the cells at the G(2)-M phase of the cell cycle, suggested that  Resveratrol selectively down-regulated the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-x(L) and myeloid cell differentiation factor-1 (Mcl-1) and up-regulated the expression of proapoptotic proteins Bax and apoptosis protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1)(3).

4. Turmeric
In the study investigated a novel drug delivery nanovehicle enriched with the bioactive polyphenol, curcumin (curcumin nanodisks; curcumin-ND), showed that cells treated with curcumin-ND showed a dose-dependent increase in apoptosis. This was accompanied by enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The antioxidant, N-acetylcysteine, inhibited curcumin-ND induced apoptosis, suggesting that ROS generation plays a role in curcumin action on MCL cells. Curcumin-ND decreased cyclin D1, pAkt, pIκBα, and Bcl(2) protein. In addition, enhanced FoxO3a and p27 expression as well as caspase-9, -3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage were observed. Curcumin-ND treatment led to enhanced G(1) arrest in two cultured cell models of MCL(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17803956
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21306106
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14749477
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21699455

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Lung cancer (Non-small-cell and small cell lung cancer)

Lung is a vital organ of the human being, located near the backbone on either side of the heart with functions of inhaling oxygen from the air then transporting them to the bloodstream to nourish the body cells need and exhaling carbondioxide from the bloodstream.

Lung cancer is defined as a condition of the abnormal growth of the cells in the lung's tissue. Most common form of primary lung cancers are derived from epithelial cells. In Us, Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, causing 158,683 people deaths, including 88,329 men and 70,354 women, according to 2007 statistic.

Types of lung cancer
A. Non small cell lung cancer
Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer. It usually grows and spreads methodically and predictably.Most common types of lung cancers include
1. Squamous-cell carcinoma often found in an outer area of the lung,
2. Large-cell carcinoma found in the center of the lung by an air tube
3. Adenocarcinoma found in any part of the lung.


B. Small cell lung cancer
Small cell lung cancer is a fast-growing type of lung cancer, it can spread to distant parts of the body in a relatively early stage. Most common types of small cell lung cancer include
1. Small cell carcinoma in which the cells are small, round and resemble oats.
2. Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma in which malignant tumor found in combining of components of small cell lung carcinoma with large cell lung carcinoma.
3. Combined small cell carcinoma in which malignant tumor found in combining of a component of small cell lung carcinoma with components of non-small cell lung carcinoma.

Types of food to prevent and treat lung cancer
1. Orange, papaya, peaches, avocado, pea, grapefruit, kiwi
Cryptoxanthin is a phytochemincal of Yellow pigments in the class of Xanthophylls , belonging to the group of Carotenoids (tetraterpenoids), found abundantly in orange, papaya, peaches, avocado, pea, grapefruit, kiwi, etc. In the study to assess the roles of dietary antioxidants in the development of lung cancer. Between April 1993 and December 1998, 63,257 Chinese men and women ages 45-74 years in Singapore participated in a prospective study of diet and cancer, found that A Singapore food composition database was used to estimate intake of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein/zeaxanthin, vitamins A, C, and E, and folate in study subjects. During the first 8 years of follow-up, 482 lung cancer cases occurred among cohort members. High levels of dietary beta-cryptoxanthin were associated with reduced risk of lung cancer(1)

2. Grapes, orange, wolfberry
In the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer, 58,279 men of ages 55-69 years at baseline in 1986 returned a questionnaire including a 150-item food frequency questionnaire. After 6.3 years of follow-up, 939 male lung cancer cases were registered showed that Protective effects on lung cancer incidence were found for lutein + zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, folate, and vitamin C(2).

3. Grapes and berries
In the examination of study the mechanism of myricetin and its effect on the HepG-2 cell line found that Myricetin significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of HepG-2 in a dose-dependent manner, which is accompanied with G2/M and S phase arrest. In addition, myricetin also increases the activation of caspase 3,9 and results in a depolarization and delta psi m collapse in a dose-dependent manner, according to "[Studies on mechanism of myricetin-induced apoptosis in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG-2 cells].[Article in Chinese]" by Zhang X, Ling Y, Yu H, Ji Y.(3)

4.  Algae and tomatoes
in the analyzing the associations between dietary beta-carotene, beta-carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin, lycopene, beta-cryptoxanthin, vitamin A, serum beta-carotene, and serum retinol and the lung cancer risk in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort of male smokers conducted in southwestern Finland between 1985 and 1993, showed that  Consumption of fruits and vegetables was associated with a lower lung cancer risk (relative risk = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.62, 0.86, highest vs. lowest quintile). Lower risks of lung cancer were observed for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of lycopene (28%), lutein/zeaxanthin (17%), beta-cryptoxanthin (15%), total carotenoids (16%), serum beta-carotene (19%), and serum retinol (27%). These findings suggest that high fruit and vegetable consumption, particularly a diet rich in carotenoids, tomatoes, and tomato-based products, may reduce the risk of lung cancer.(4).


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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14504200
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10794479 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20617691
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12226001

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Liver Cancer (Hepatocellular carcinoma)

Liver is an internal organ located in the upper right portion of the abdomen, beneath your diaphragm and above your stomach.

Liver cancer is defined as a condition of out of controlled growth of hepatocellular cells in the liver. Since the organ is a soft tissue with less nerve, most liver cancer patient are diagnosed in the later stage of the cancer. According to the statistic, liver cancer remains the fifth most common malignancy in men and the eighth in women worldwide.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common form of primary liver cancer.

Types of food to prevent and treat liver cancer
1. Coffee
In the study to examine whether coffee and green tea consumption was associated with a reduced risk of liver cancer by hepatitis virus infection status in the Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study Cohort II, Dr. Inoue M, and research team at the National Cancer Center indicated that a similar risk tendency was observed in those with either or both HCV and HBV infection. In contrast, no association was observed between green tea consumption and the risk of liver cancer in all subjects. Our results suggest that coffee consumption may reduce the risk of liver cancer regardless of HCV and HBV infection status, whereas green tea may not reduce this risk(1).

2. Rice bran
In the study to examine the antioxidant activity and cytotoxic effect of PA extracted from rice bran against selected cancer cell lines (i.e. ovarian, breast and liver cancer), showed that The PA extract from rice bran displayed safe and promising anticancer properties in selected cancer cell lines and it is believed that its antioxidant capability is the likely contributor to the observed anticancer properties(2).

3. Wolfberry
In the study of Hepato-protective potential of carotenoid meso-zeaxanthin [(3R, 3'S)-beta, beta-carotene-3, 3'-diol]  in vivo rat models, Dr. v and the research team at the Amala Cancer Research Centre suggested that level of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, in liver tissue was increased by meso-zeaxanthin pretreatment compared to control group during alcohol and CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity. Hydroxyproline, an indicator of fibrosis in liver tissue, decreased remarkably by meso-zeaxanthin administration despite its notable elevation in ethanol treated rats. Histopathological analysis of liver tissue showed the hepatoprotective potential of meso-zeaxanthin(3).

4. Honey 
In the study to evaluate the effect of chrysin, a natural, biologically active compound extracted from many plants, honey and propolis, on the tissue and circulatory antioxidant status, and lipid peroxidation in ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, indicated that Chrysin administration to rats with ethanol-induced liver injury significantly decreased the levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated dienes, and significantly elevated the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase and the levels of reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E in the tissues and circulation compared with those of the unsupplemented ethanol-treated rats. The histological changes observed in the liver and kidney correlated with the biochemical findings(4).

5. Etc.

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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505908
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22655458
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21365995
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19505373  

(Phytochemicals in) Foods to Prevent and Treat Cancers - Leukemia

Leukemia is defined as condition of abnormal increase of white blood cells produced by the bone marrow and/or the lymphatic system. Depending to the malignant granulocytes or lymphocytes, leukemia is classified into myelogenous or lymphoblastic leukemia.
Bone marrow is soft tissue inside the hollow center of major bone. including spine, pelvis, under arm, leg. etc.

Types of leukemia
Leukemia can be classified into 2 types
A. Acute leukemia
Acute leukemia is defined as condition of rapid increase in the numbers of extreme immature white blood cells which appear in the blood stream into other parts of the body, including tissue and organs.
1. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of the abnormal growth of extreme immature lymphocytes overproduced by the bone marrow and/or lymphatic system. Since it has a tendency to multiply quickly, it can lead to death to other normal white blood cells in the bone marrow and/or lympaphatic system. In ALL, lymphocytes appear immature in blood stream.
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is most common children forms of leukemia with about 80% of all cases.

2. Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is a cancer of myelogenous lining cause of rapid growth of abnormal granulocytes accumulated in the bone marrow, interfering with the normal blood cells. In AML, granulocytes appear immature in blood stream.


B. Chronic leukemia
Chronic leukemia is defined as condition of slow but still excessive build up of relatively mature abnormal white blood cells. It has a tendency to spread slowly to other parts of the body through bloodstream and/or lymphatic system.
1. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is defined as a condition of slow growth and spreading of a group of abnormal white blood cells called B-cell lymphocytes, which fight against infection in our body by produced antibodies. In CLL, B-cell lymphocytes have become abnormal and grow out of control. They appear less immature in the bloodstream.

2. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) is also defined as condition of slow growth and spreading of abnormal granulocytes. In CML, granulocytes have become abnormal and growth uncontrollably in the bone marrow and/or lymphatic system and appear less immature in the blood stream.

Types of food to prevent and treat Leukemia
1. Green tea
In the study to investigate the association between green tea consumption and leukemia, Dr. Kuo YC, and scientists at the Harvard School of Public Health, indicated that a significant inverse association between green tea consumption and leukemia risk was found in individuals aged 16-29 years, whereas no significant association was found in the younger age groups. For the older group with higher amounts of tea consumption (>550 units of catechins), the adjusted odds ratio (OR) compared with the group without tea consumption was 0.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.23-0.97]. After we adjusted for smoking status and medical irradiation exposure, the overall OR for all participants was 0.49 (95% CI = 0.27-0.91), indicating an inverse relation between large amounts of catechins and leukemia(1).

2. Curcumin
Curcumin is a phytochemical found abundant in Turmeric. In acidic solutions (pH <7.4) it turns yellow, whereas in basic (pH > 8.6) solutions it turns bright red. In the study to investigate the anti-cancer effect and action of curcumin on THP-1 cells, showed that Curcumin induced cell apoptosis of THP-1 cells as shown by cell viability, cell cycle analysis and caspase activity. Curcumin significantly increased the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK and their downstream molecules (c-Jun and Jun B). Inhibitor of JNK and ERK reduced the pro-apoptotic effect of curcumin on THP-1 cells as evidenced by caspase activity and the activation of ERK/JNK/Jun cascades. On the contrary, the pro-apoptotic effect of curcumin was abolished in the differentiated THP-1 cells mediated by PMA(2).

3. Rosemary
Carnosic acid is a phytochemical monophenols, found in Rosemary and also in variety of other plants have demonstrated to decrease viability of the human promyelocytic leukaemia cell line, HL-60, in dose- and time-dependent manners, and induced G(1) arrest and apoptosis. Carnosic acid also augmented these effects when induced by a low (physiological) concentration of arsenic trioxide, which was associated with upregulation of p27 and activation of caspase-9(3).

4. Artichokes
Silibinin, a plytochemicals is found abundantly in Artichokes. Researchers at the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, showed that combinations of the dietary plant polyphenols--curcumin and carnosic acid--at noncytotoxic concentrations of each agent, produced a synergistic antiproliferative effect and a massive apoptotic cell death in HL-60 and KG-1a human AML cells. In contrast, combinations of curcumin and another plant polyphenol silibinin had a predominantly additive cytostatic effect, without pronounced cytotoxicity(4).

5. Etc.



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Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18752033
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22443687 
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18652763