Phytochemials are defined as a group of chemical compound found
naturally in plants, including fruits, vegetables, beans, grains,
etc.
Cancer is a class of diseases in which a group of cells
growing and multiplying disordered and uncontrollable way in our body, have
become progressively worse and damaged other healthy tissues, sometimes spreads
to other organs in the body via lymph or blood and results may be in
death.
Can food intake can help to prevent and treat cancers?. Many studies
have proven that they can because of certain phytochemicals, but for what ever
reasons, there are either no clinical trials follow through or the studies can
not make to stage of clinical trials. Do not expect the pharmaceutical or foods
industrial companies to pay for the researches, as the discovery of the
phytochemicals to cure cancers can only dampen the profits of both industries as
phytochemicals can not be patented.
III. Brain and Spinal Cord Cancer
A. Brain and spinal cord make up the nervous system. Brain and Spinal Cord
tumors originating is not very common. Most primary tumors are caused
by abnormal cells growth that surround and support neurons, with a
small number may be caused by gene defect from exposure to radiation or
toxic chemicals. Benign tumors are noncancerous, and malignant tumors
are cancerous. More than 190.000 people in US are diagnosed with a
brain tumor each year alone.
B. Types of brains and spinal cord cancer
1. Non-infiltrating astrocytomas
Noninfiltrating
astrocytomas are tumors that grow slowly and usually do not grow into
the tissues around them and is considered as benign tumors.
a. Juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas
Juvenile
pilocytic astrocytomas occur most often in the cerebellum in young
children and is a neoplasm of the brain that occurs more often in
children and young adults (in the first 20 years of life).
b. Subependymal giant cell astrocytomas
Subependymal
giant cell astrocytomas grow in the ventricles and are almost always
seen in children with tuberous sclerosis, but it can can become
aggressive and cause obstructive hydrocephalus usually in older children
and adolescents.
2. Low-grade astrocytomas (Infiltrating or diffuse astrocytomas)
An
astrocytoma is a type of glioma that develops from star-shaped cells
(astrocytes) that support nerve cells and accounts for about 10 percent
to 15 percent of gliomas, a primary brain tumor that originates from
the supportive cells of the brain. Low-grade astrocytomas is classified
as a grade II tumor.
3. Intermediate- and high-grade astrocytomas
a. Intermediate- grade astrocytomas
Intermediate-grade
astrocytomas (grade III) have more anaplasia and readily detectable
mitotic activity, but not necrosis. The white arrow points to a mitotic
figure. Glioblastomas, which are the most malignant grade of
astrocytoma, are highly anaplastic and contain mitotic activity and
tumour necrosis.
b. High-grade astrocytomas
High-grade
astrocytomas are very different from secondary brain tumors, which
originally developed elsewhere in the body and spread (metastasized) to
the brain and generally respond poorly to surgery, radiation therapy,
and chemotherapy.
4. Oligodendrogliomas and anaplastic oligodendrogliomas
a. Anaplastic astrocytomas
Malignant
or anaplastic astrocytoma is a glioma that develops from star-shaped
glial cells (astrocytes) that support nerve cells. It is an
infiltrating, primary brain tumor, with tentacles that may invade
surrounding tissue and is classified as more aggressive grade III
astrocytomas.
b. Glioblastomas
Glioblastomas is the most common
and most aggressive malignant primary brain tumor in humans, involving
glial cells and accounting for 52% of all parenchymal brain tumor cases
and 20% of all intracranial tumors and is and is classified as more
aggressive grade IV astrocytomas.
5. Ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas
a. Ependymomas
Ependymoma is malignant glioma originated in ependyma, a tissue of the central nervous system. Usually, in children the location is intracranial,
while in adults it is spinal. The common location of intracranial
ependymoma is the fourth ventricle. Rarely, ependymoma can occur in the
pelvic cavity.
6. Anaplastic ependymomas
Anaplastic ependymoma is a malignant tumor of ependymomas, a tissue of the central nervous system commonly found in children and adults that are younger than 25 years old. These tumors grow rapidly and most patient eventually die if the tumor is not diagnosed and treated early.
7. Schwannomas (including acoustic neuromas)
Schwannomas
is a noncancerous nerve sheath tumor arises from the nerve sheath and
consisted of Schwann cells in a collagenous matrix, which normally
produce the protective covering to peripheral nerves. As it grows, it
can cause pressure, irritation or damage to the nerve and affect the
sensations of hearing and balance.
8. Spinal cord tumors
Primary
cancerous tumors of spinal cord are not common. Most of spinal cord
tumors are secondary tumors, and are spread from other parts of the body
but they can interfere with the transmitting signals from the brain to
the spinal cord, leading to loss of function and sensation.
9. Lymphomas
Lymphomas is a cancer in the lymphatic cells of the immune system, including Hodgkin disease and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
a. Hodgkin disease
Hodgkin
disease is a type of lymphoma found in the lymph nodes, named after
Thomas Hodgkin who published the first description of lymphoma in 1832
and can spread systemically from one lymph node group to another.
b. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Non-Hodgkin
lymphomas are caused by abnormal growth of cancerous white blood cells
(T and B cells) due to mutation or alternation of cells DNA. They can
spread to almost any other part of the body.
10. Brain tumors that occur more often in children
a. Astrocytomas
Astrocytomas in children age from 5 -8 age are usually benign, low grade which are localized and grow slowly.
b. Ependymomas
Ependymomas
arises from cells of the ependymal lining located in tiny passageways
(ventricles) in the brain and interfered with the flow of cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF), causing problem of speak, walk, eat, see and other normal
functions in children.
c. Medulloblastomas
Medulloblastomas are the most common types of brain cancers in children originated in the cerebellum (10-20%) or posterior fossa (40%) and occurred more often in boys than girls between age 5 to 10.
11. Etc.
C. Types of Food to Prevent and Treat Brain and Spinal Cord Cancer
1, Green tea
Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), a main ingredients in green tea has shown protective effect against brain cancer. In the study to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea polyphenols,
on human glioblastoma cell lines U-373 MG and U-87 MG, rat glioma cell
line C6, and rat nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma cell line MtT/E, showed that EGCG inhibited viability of MtT/E cells only at a concentration of 100
microg/ml. Quantitative study by flow cytometry demonstrated that lower
doses of EGCG (12.5, 25, 50 microg/ml) induced apoptosis in U-373 MG,
U-87 MG, and C6 cells; however, only the highest dose (100 microg/ml)
induced apoptosis in MtT/E cells. Compared with other cell lines, MtT/E
cells showed stronger IGF-I immunoreactivity. Neutralization of IGF-I
with an antihuman IGF-I antibody reduced viability of the cell lines(1).
2. Mangosteen
γ-mangostin, a phytochemical compound found abundantly in Mangosteen has found to be effective in against Gliomas which is a common type of primary brain tumor with glioblastoma multiforme accounting for the majority of human brain tumors. Dr. Chang HF and the research team at the ollege of Pharmacy, and Center of e-CAM, Taipei Medical University showed that The γ-mangostin showed potent antiproliferative activity toward MGs in
dose- and time-dependent manners. In addition, flow cytometric analysis
of cell morphology in the apoptotic cells revealed an increase in
hypodiploid cells in γ-mangostin treated U87 MG and GBM 8401 cells,
while significant enhancement of intracellular peroxide production was
detected in the same γ-mangostin treated cells by DCHDA assay and
DiOC(6)(3) stain. g-Mangostin induced apoptosis, which in turn mediates
cytotoxicity in human MG cells was prevented by the addition of catalase(2).
3. Grapes, red wine, berries and peanuts
Resveratrol is a type of natural phenol found abundantly in Grapes, red wine, berries and peanuts of the group of Stilbenoids, produced naturally by many plants when under attack by bacteria or fungi.
It has been studied by many researchers for it health benefits in
treating chronic diaereses, including cancer, diabetes, heart disease,
etc. Resveratrol is known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and
antiproliferative effects on a variety of cancer cells in vitro and in
various animal models. However, the effect(s) of resveratrol in vivo on
humans are still controversial. This study discusses current knowledge
with regard to the effects of resveratrol in relation to its potential
as a chemopreventive and/or chemotherapeutic molecule against human
gliomas(3).
4. Phytochemical diet(PtcD)
In the study of Glioma induced by ethylnitrosourea to pregnant females fed the diets
from the start of gestation until the moment of sacrifice of the
offpsrings, found that in male rats fed the PtcD or the BD the incidence of gliomas
was markedly reduced compared to rats fed a standard diet (StD). In
females this effect was weaker and was limited to the PtcD. A
significant proportion of rats with brain
tumors and fed the StD exhibited SE evidenced by weight loss, a shorter
survival, reduction in liver weight and an increased proportion of
liver mitochondria, effects that were not observed in their counterpart
fed PtcD. Comparison of the expression of genes involved in the balance
proliferation/apoptosis and in the response to oxidative stress in male brain
tumors showed that the prevention of SE was associated with an increase
in bcl-2 and catalase and a decrease in ki-67, sod-1 and sod-2
transcripts(4)
5. Dietary antioxidants
Dr, Sheweita SA and Dr. Sheikh BY. at the Alexandria University, Egypt in the study of Can dietary antioxidants reduce the incidence of brain tumors?, showed that dietary supplementation with antioxidants [e.g. vitamins C & E] was found to reduce the incidence of brain
tumors in children whose mothers took these vitamins throughout
pregnancy. On the other hand, decreases in antioxidant levels were
correlated with the severity of malignancy of brain
tumors, and also with accumulation of considerable amounts of oxidative
stress products including free radicals which damage this tissue. The
mechanisms of protection of these antioxidants against brain
tumors might be due to inhibition of the nitrosation process,
decreasing of tumor necrotic factor, scavenging of free radicals,
inhibition of telomerase activity which facilitates telomere attrition(5)
6. Beans
In the study to investigate potential associations between diet and adult glioma with a population-based case-control study of adult glioma in eastern
Nebraska. Nutrient and food group intakes were estimated for 236 glioma
cases and 449 controls using information obtained from a food-frequency
questionnaire, indicated that after adjusting for potential confounders, inverse associations with
risk of adult glioma were observed for intakes of dark yellow vegetables
(highest quartile versus lowest: OR = 0.6, Ptrend = 0.03) and beans (OR
= 0.4, Ptrend = 0.0003), but no associations were seen for dietary
sources of preformed nitrosamines or high-nitrate vegetables. Our
nutrient analysis revealed significant inverse associations between risk
of adult glioma and dietary intake of pro-vitamin A carotenoids
(highest quartile versus lowest: OR = 0.5, Ptrend = 0.005), a-carotene
(OR = 0.5, Ptrend = 001), beta-carotene (OR = 0.5, Ptrend = 0.01),
dietary fiber (OR=0.6, Ptrend = 0.048) and fiber from beans (OR = 0.5,
Ptrend = 0.0002). We observed no significant associations with risk of
adult glioma for intakes of other nutrients or compounds including
nitrate, nitrite, vitamin C, vitamin E, saturated fat, cholesterol,
dietary fiber from grain products, or fiber from fruit and vegetables(6).
7. Etc.
Made From Fresh Fruits And Vegetable Recipes
Secret To A Vibrant
And Healthy Lifestyle
That You Can Find
Easily At The Comfort Of Your Kitchen.
For the series of Foods to prevent and treat cancers, visit http://foodstopreventandtreatcancers.blogspot.ca/p/phytochemical-in-foods-to-prevent-and.html
For more health articles, please visit http://medicaladvisorjournals.blogspot.ca
Sources
(1) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305413
(2) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21139533
(3) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20010425
(4) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18412241
(5) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21434862
(6) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12296512
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